Kidney stones, medically referred to as renal calculi, are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form within the kidneys. These stones develop when the urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize and stick together. There are various types of kidney stones, each with distinct causes and characteristics. The most common types include calcium stones, struvite stones, uric acid stones, and cystine stones. Calcium stones, particularly calcium oxalate stones,…