Introduction to Kidney Stones Kidney stones, medically known as renal calculi, are hard deposits composed of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. These stones vary in size and shape, and they can be composed of different materials such as calcium oxalate, uric acid, struvite, and cystine. The most common type is calcium oxalate stones, which result from high levels of calcium and oxalate in the urine. Uric acid…